鸡蛋蛋壳品质的营养调控研究进展

蛋壳质量是商品蛋及种蛋生产与销售的重要影响因素。文章从蛋壳的形成及其品质衡量指标入手,从矿物质、维生素、蛋白质和糖类及其相关物质、生物活性物质等方面对鸡蛋蛋壳品质的调控进行综述,以期为生产中进行蛋壳品质调控提供参考。     

氮磷肥对季节性栽培紫花苜蓿生长及再生的影响

为探讨江淮地区紫花苜蓿季节性栽培体系中氮磷肥供应对干物质产量及再生的影响,试验设置4个磷（P₂O₅）水平处理（0、50、100、150 kg·hm^-2）及4个氮（N）水平处理（0、60、120、180 kg·hm^-2）,研究了干物质产量及产量构成因子、地上部氮磷含量及累积量、再生6和12 d的生长量等指标对氮磷肥投入的响应。结果表明：1）施用氮肥及磷肥均显著促进了紫花苜蓿的生长。在低磷供应条件下,干物质产量随供氮量的增加而增加;在高磷条件下,适宜生长的最优施氮量为120 kg·hm^-2。对不同施氮处理而言,饲草干物质产量均随施磷量的增加显著增加。2）干物质产量与地上部氮含量、地上部氮累积量、地上部磷累积量间存在显著正相关关系。3）氮磷肥施用可以促进植株残茬再生,0、50、100、150 kg·hm^-2磷处理下适宜残茬再生所需的施氮量分别为180、120、120、60 kg·hm^-2。刈割6 d后残茬的再生芽芽长及叶面积、刈割12 d后叶面积均与再生生物量间存在显著正相关关系。可见,江淮地区紫花苜蓿季节性栽培体系中施用磷肥可在一定程度上减少氮肥的用量。当磷肥施用量分别为0、50、100、150 kg·hm^-2时,适宜生长及再生的氮肥推荐用量分别为180、120、120、60 kg·hm^-2。江淮地区紫花苜蓿季节性栽培体系中推荐年施磷量及施氮量分别为100及120 kg·hm^-2,研究结果可为紫花苜蓿季节性栽培技术中的肥料管理提供理论依据。     

A geographical approach to identify phosphorus-efficient genotypes among landraces and wild ancestors of common bean

Cultivars of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) capable of yielding well at low levels of native or added phosphorus (P) are highly desirable in many tropical production systems. The objective of the present study was to identify geographical regions which might be sources of such genotypes. A total of 364 landraces, cultivars and wild genotypes, drawn from a broad geographic range, were divided on the basis of growth habit into four field trials, each comprising two levels of P, stressed and unstressed, on an infertile Andosol in Popayan, Colombia. The regression relationship between grain yield per plant in the presence and in the absence of stress was determined, and each genotype's deviation from this relationship was used as a measure of P-efficiency. There was highly significant variation in efficiency among genotypes in all growth habits, and in climbing beans there were consistent regional differences, superior genotypes being identified with greater frequency among those from Bolivia, West Mexico and South Mexico-West Guatemala. The latter region was promising for prostrate bush genotypes also. Wild beans in general performed relatively poorly; it appears that P-efficiency traits in P. vulgaris have been acquired during or after domestication. These results confirm that genetic differences in P-efficiency exist among common bean genotypes and suggest that these are related to geographic origin. Furthermore, the use of a representative sample of germplasm can help to identify segments of the gene bank that are especially promising as sources of desirable traits. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

低磷胁迫下水稻不同品种根系有机酸分泌的差异

以4个对低磷反应不同的典型水稻品种（系）为材料，对其在低磷胁迫下根系有机酸分泌这一根系生理特性进行了比较研究。结果表明，低磷胁迫能促使水稻根系分泌更多的有机酸，这在耐低磷品种中表现尤为明显。     

Non‐phytate phosphorus requirements and efficacy of a genetically engineered yeast phytase in male lingnan yellow broilers from 1 to 21 days of age

This experiment was conducted to investigate the requirement of non‐phytate phosphorus (nPP) and efficacy of a genetically engineered yeast phytase in performance and tibia characteristics by male Lingnan Yellow broilers from 1 to 21 days of age. A total of 2640 1‐day‐old male chicks were randomly allotted to one of 11 dietary treatments, which consisted of six replicate floor pens with 40 birds per pen. All treatments had the same levels of all nutrients except for phosphorus and phytase. The control group (treatment 1) was fed the basal diet without dicalcium phosphate or phytase supplementation. Dietary concentrations of nPP were 0.11%, 0.19%, 0.27%, 0.35%, 0.43%, 0.51% and 0.59% respectively for treatments 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7, through addition of dicalcium phosphate (chemistry grade) to the basal diet. Diets 8–11 were supplemented with a genetically engineered yeast phytase 250, 500, 750 U/kg and a commercial phytase product 500 U/kg in basal diet respectively. The results showed that 0.46% and 0.51% nPP were required for maximum body‐weight gain and optimum tibia development indicators respectively. However, 0.59% nPP had a negative effect on bird growth. The equivalency value of the genetically engineered yeast phytase was estimated to be 874 U/kg to liberate 0.1% nPP.     

施用豆科绿肥对砖红壤有效磷含量的影响

土壤缺磷是热带和亚热带地区作物生产的主要限制因子之一。本研究分析了14份热带、亚热带豆科绿肥施入土壤后对砖红壤有效磷含量影响的时间动态变化。结果表明,施用绿肥后不同时段能不同程度地提高土壤有效磷的含量,且施用绿肥后的土壤有效磷含量显著高于不施用绿肥土壤,其中木蓝（Magnolia lotungensis）对砖红壤有效磷含量增量变幅高达339%。此外,施用不同的绿肥对土壤有效磷含量的影响不同,但对土壤有效磷含量影响的基本规律一致。施用绿肥时砖红壤有效磷含量提高较大的最佳埋田时间为1个月。     

低蛋白低磷加酶日粮对生长猪生产性能及减排效果的影响

选择30头24.4kg左右的健康杜×长×大杂交猪,将其随机分成2组,每组3个重复,每个重复5头猪,分别饲喂两种日粮：对照组日粮（18.4%CP＋0.37%有效磷,高蛋白高磷组日粮）和试验组日粮（16.0%CP＋0.28%有效磷＋100g/t植酸酶,低蛋白低磷加酶组日粮）,研究低蛋白低磷加酶日粮对生长猪生产性能及减排效果的影响。结果表明,低蛋白低磷加酶日粮对生长猪生产性能没有显著影响,但是可显著提高氮、磷的利用率,从而减少氮、磷排放。     

过量磷对菜心植株生长和产量及品质的影响

采用营养液水培法,研究过量磷对菜心(Brassica parachinensis)植株生长、产量和品质的影响.结果表明:与正常磷浓度处理(1 mmol/L H2PO4-)比较,3～7mmol/L H2P04-处理植株生物量和产量均显著降低,5和7 mmol/L H2PO4-处理植株根冠比显著增加;随着磷浓度的增加,菜薹表皮花色苷含量和菜薹可溶性糖含量逐渐增加,菜薹硝酸盐含量逐渐降低,三者与营养液磷浓度均呈显著线性关系.     

Soil and foliar phosphorus as indicators of sustainability for Pinus radiata plantation forestry in New Zealand

We investigated how multiple-crop forestry has influenced the magnitude and variability of soil and plant phosphorus (P) fertility and site disturbance. Kinleith Forest, on Mamaku Plateau, covers >100,000 ha and comprises mainly plantation Pinus radiata. Three study areas in the forest were chosen to represent natural state (native forest), first crop of P. radiata (24 years growth), and second crop of P. radiata (4 years growth of second crop). The adjacent areas have similar relief and climate, and the soils are all the same age, being predominantly Andic Haplohumods developed in 1770 calendar-year-old non-welded tephra (Taupo Ignimbrite, ca. 0.5–0.8 m in thickness) and overlying a buried paleosol on earlier tephric material.

Soil properties were compared using a random geometric sampling scheme stratified in a 40-m grid. Soil samples (0–20 cm) were taken at 1.5, 4.5 and 13 m spatial intervals in random directions away from each primary node, providing 192 sample sites for each study area. Additionally at selected sites, samples of the current year's foliage from the upper crowns were collected, the thickness of Taupo Ignimbrite (i.e. depth to buried paleosol) was recorded by augering, and site disturbance was assessed using a new six-point scale based on change relative to a modal soil profile. Geostatistics and geographical information systems (GIS) were used to assess variability and effects of forest management on the measured properties. Soil Bray-2 P concentrations were below guidelines for satisfactory growth (12 mg kg⁻¹) at all sites, and no differences were recorded between the different management areas. However, the amount of within-site variability in Bray-2 P increased with the number of crops. Foliar P concentrations were only marginally deficient in both the first and second crops, indicating that P is currently not significantly limiting growth. The lack of difference in foliar P between first and second crops indicates no crop-to-crop decline in foliar P status and suggests that no site P fertility decline has occurred. The soils have an unusual ability to continue releasing P through successive sequential extractions in the Bray-2 P test, indicating a strong buffering capacity, and this may explain the apparent lack of deficiency even with Bray-2 P values of <12 mg kg⁻¹. The site disturbance index increased and the spatial distribution of P data became increasingly variable with crop rotation.

GIS, inverse-distance weighting and kriging proved useful in illustrating the trends between crops. The spatial variability of results indicated that there was no obvious pattern to the variability and that more site-specific forest management in the region would be difficult. However, there was some evidence that less disturbance during harvesting may minimise variability of soil P supply.     

森林土壤有机氮的X光吸收近边结构光谱技术测定

本研究通过采用氮的K边X光吸收近边结构(XANES)技术来了解森林土壤有机氮,以此深入研究土壤中有机氮种类与其转化的定量关系。土壤样品采自台湾中部的云杉、铁杉林与草地。结果表明,氮的 XANES 可以揭示样品中不同的氮的种类。在土壤腐植质、可溶性氮及本体土壤中胺态及吡咯氮占了主要的比率。然而不同处理及植被下的土壤样品氮的种类分布是不同的。云杉与铁杉土壤可溶性有机氮在402.3 eV 能量处有显著的差异。在A层土壤中,吡啶类氮含量要显著高于O层土壤,说明氮在不同土层中的转化率存在极大的差异,这种变化对于氮在森林土壤中的循环将起重要作用。图3表1参8。